Invention of the Crossbow in Asian History

Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of the trigger. - Sun Tzu, The Art of War, c. 5th century BCE. The invention of the crossbow revolutionized warfare, and the technology would spread from Asia through the Middle East and into Europe by the medieval period. In a sense, the crossbow democratized warfare - an archer did not need as much strength or skill to deliver a deadly bolt from a crossbow as he or she would have with a traditional compound bow and an arrow. Who Invented the Crossbow? The first crossbows were likely invented either in one of the states of early China  or in neighboring areas of Central Asia, some time before 400 BCE. Its not clear exactly when the invention of this new, powerful weapon took place, or who first thought of it. Linguistic evidence points to a Central Asian origin, with the technology then spreading to China, but records from such an early period are too scanty to determine the origins of the crossbow beyond a doubt. Certainly, the famed military strategist Sun Tzu knew about crossbows. He attributed them to an inventor named Qin from the 7th century BCE. However, the dates of Sun Tzus life  and the first publication of his Art of War  are also subject to controversy, so they cannot be used to establish the early existence of the crossbow beyond a doubt. Chinese archaeologists Yang Hong and Zhu Fenghan believe that the crossbow may have been invented as early as 2000 BCE, based on artifacts in bone, stone, and shell that may be crossbow triggers. The first known hand-held crossbows with bronze triggers were found in a grave in Qufu, China, dating from c. 600 BCE. That burial was from the State of Lu, in what is now Shandong Province, during Chinas Spring and Autumn Period (771-476 BCE). Archaeological Evidence Additional archaeological evidence shows that crossbow technology was widespread in China during the late Spring and Autumn Period. For example, a mid-5th century BCE grave from the State of Chu (Hubei Province) yielded bronze crossbow bolts, and a tomb burial in Saobatang, Hunan Province from the mid-4th century BCE also contained a bronze crossbow. Some of the Terracotta Warriors buried along with Qin Shi Huangdi (260-210 BCE) carry crossbows. The first known repeating crossbow was discovered in another 4th century BCE tomb in Qinjiazui, Hubei Province. Importance in History Repeating crossbows, called zhuge nu in Chinese, could shoot multiple bolts before needing to be reloaded. Traditional sources attributed this invention to a Three Kingdoms period tactician named Zhuge Liang (181-234 CE), but the discovery of the Qinjiazui repeating crossbow from 500 years before Zhuges lifetime proves that he was not the original inventor. It seems likely that he improved significantly on the design, however. Later crossbows could fire as many as 10 bolts in 15 seconds before being reloaded. Standard crossbows were well-established across China by the second century CE. Many contemporary historians cited the repeating crossbow as a key element in Han Chinas Pyrrhic victory over the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu and many other nomadic peoples of the Central Asian steppes used ordinary compound bows with great skill  but could be defeated by legions of crossbow-wielding infantry, particularly in sieges and set-piece battles. Koreas King Sejong (1418-1450) of the Joseon Dynasty introduced the repeating crossbow to his army after seeing the weapon in action during a visit to China. Chinese troops continued to use the weapon through the late Qing Dynasty era, including the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Unfortunately, crossbows were no match for modern Japanese weaponry, and Qing China lost that war. It was the last major world conflict to feature crossbows. Sources Landrus, Matthew. Leonardos Giant Crossbow, New York: Springer, 2010.Lorge, Peter A. Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, 2011.Selby, Stephen. Chinese Archery, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000.Sun Tzu. The Art of War, Mundus Publishing, 2000.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Dry Eye - 1359 Words

Dry eye is a disorder of the precorneal tear film due to tear deficiency or excessive evaporation which causes damage to the interpalpebral ocular surface and is associated with symptoms of ocular discomfort. The causes of dry eye include defect in the tear film (aqueous layer, mucin layer and lipid layer), lid surface abnormalities and epithelial defects. Around 5% of urban Indian population suffers from Type 2 diabetes mellitus.1,2 Approximately 370 million people across the world are expected to be affected by diabetes by 2030.3 According to an Indian study by Khurana et al4, dry eye is incident among 0.46% of ophthalmology outpatients in India. A hospital based study conducted at New Delhi showed the overall prevalence of dry eye in patients attending Ophthalmology OPD based on Ocular Surface Disease Index to be 29.25% in patients over 40 years of age.5 Another clinico-cytological study found 57% of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending Ophthalmology OPD to be afflicted with Dry eye syndrome according to McMonnie’s questionnaire.6 The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Indian urban population with Diabetes Mellitus was found to be 18%.7 The manifestations of ocular surface disease in diabetes include defect in tear film quantity and quality, goblet cell loss, higher grade of squamous metaplasia and reduced corneal sensation which are affected by status of metabolic control and peripheral neuro The presence of retinopathy is often accompanied by otherShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Dry Eye1827 Words   |  8 PagesDry eye is a chronic and progressive disease of the ocular surface that affects 30% of the worldwide, aging population.1 According to the 2007 International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS), dry eye is defined as a multifactorial disease that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability.2 Risk factors include, but are not limited to: female gender, age, contact lens wear, systemic disease, use of medications and refractive surgery. Dry eye is an umbrella term encompassingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of A Dry Eye Syndrome1515 Words   |  7 PagesKeratoconjunctivitis Sicca, also known as Dry Eye Syndrome, is a commonly diagnosed condition in eye care clinics, especially among older adults (1). The condition occurs when the surface of the eye becomes irritated and the tear reflexes are not sufficient to wash the irritation a way. The immune system is then activated to attack the irritation, and T-cells begin to release cytokines onto the ocular surface. Prolonged exposure to cytokines can cause damage to the tissues of the eye, including the lacrimal glandsRead MoreMacular Degeneration in Two Forms Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesMacular Degeneration is a disease of the eye that gradually causes loss of a person’s central vision. Approximately 1.75 million Americans suffer from vision loss associated with the disease (All About Vision 1). 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Internal Analysis Strategic Capabilities

Question: Write an essay onInternal Analysis Strategic Capabilities. Answer: Internal Analysis Strategic Capabilities Strategic Capabilities Threshold or Basic Resources- The resources of MS that are required to meet the minimum customer requirements are the experienced staffs that serve a diverse base of customers. MS also has tie-ups with the suppliers that assure high-quality products. The financial resources are abundant to meet the needs and fund operations (Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2016). Unique Resources- These resources underpin the competitive advantages possessed by MS. As MS has a long heritage, not only the home market UK is aware of the company, but the brand is renowned globally. The brand is deemed as a symbol of trust and quality. The organizational structure of the organization is well managed that continues to perform outstandingly (Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2016). Threshold Competences- MS possesses certain competences that are necessary to stay in the retail industry. Not only has it provided retail services, but also financial services (MS Bank, 2016). The company groups the stores on the basis of demographic characteristics and not the allocated merchandise (Marksandspencer.com, 2016). Core Competences- According to Drucker (2012), the core competences add to the competitive advantage. The core competence of MS is the ability to identify, design and develop the merchandise. The organization does not own factories that gives it a competitive advantage and boosts supplier relationship. It buys directly from the suppliers that are beneficial for product quality, availability and value of supply. The brand distinction improves customer satisfaction. Business Functions The functional areas of MS are human resources, finance, marketing and sales, design and production, and research and development. Human Resources- MS employs or recruits the most talented people who are keen to give their best daily. It also offers retail management graduate programme for building confidence and determination among the employees while working with perfection (Marksandspencer.com, 2016). Finance- According to Iia.org.uk (2016), the finance functions are broad and MS believe that the primary audience for the integrated report is key investors and that the report should focus on the matters that the organisation perceives are material to success. Marketing and Sales- MS create marketing campaigns for various occasions such as Christmas, New Years and various others that helps in inducing customers (Marksandspencer.com, 2016). Design and Production- Gonsalves (2015) argues that the designers in the team help in sparking back the fashion as a high-street brand. Research and Development- MS has people responsible to derive market information. The company needs to invest more for making technological and process innovations (Marksandspencer.com, 2016). Basis of Competitive Strategy According to the strategic clock developed by Bowman and Faulkner, there are eight strategic positions that represent a unique cost and perceived value combination (West, Ford and Ibrahim, 2015). It is analyzed that Marks Spencer occupies Position 4: Differentiation as they offer high value products. The company either increases its price or sustains to produce higher margins, while keeping the price low and seeking a greater market share (West, Ford and Ibrahim, 2015). It usually attempts to adopt the differentiation strategy by adding additional features or services and competing with the other retailers such as Tesco, Sainsbury and various others. MS is trying to gain market share and it needs to invest for it (Piercy and Lane, 2012). The organization is still suffering on profits (Armstrong, 2016). There is weakness in the highly competitive retail market. As stated in the mission statement, the company provides access to aspiring quality of food and clothes (Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2016). Sky News (2016) reports that the company is committed to meet the customer needs consistently in this highly competitive retail environment. The food prices and fuel prices have an impact on the disposable income of consumers. This change in the economy is weakening the demand for non-food products for which MS is slashing down its prices. Strategic Choice and Strategy Evaluation Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff matrix shall help in identifying the strategic direction for MS in terms of product and market coverage. 6.1.1 Market Penetration MS can develop new products as the clothing lacks variety. This could be a good strategy for the company in gaining competitive advantage. New markets can be entered using niche marketing strategy. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2011), an aggressive promotional campaign can help in striking out other competitors. Overnight shipping can be introduced on selected item purchase. Loyalty schemes can be introduced for increasing shopping revenues. 6.1.2 New Product Development MS can consider entering new product segments such as catering for special events such as marriage, parties and conferences. MS owns Per-Una brand for women that can be further expanded into other demographic segment for men (Marksandspencer.com, 2016). 6.1.3 New Market Development Market can be developed by entering new market segments such as teenagers and children wear. As argued by Armstrong and Kotler (2011), new territories can be explored and stores can be set up in new geographical locations. This shall help in enticing new customers. 6.1.4 Diversification Following the diversification strategy, MS can start gourmet services where ingredients to prepare a particular recipe can be delivered at home. MS can also start its new venture manufacturing and selling mobiles. Western cuisine can be introduced in the food lines that would provide greater opportunity (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). Evaluation of Strategy From the above choices, Marks Spencer can consider following market penetration strategy. It is important not just to create new products, but also sustain the existing customer base. 6.2.1 Suitability As stated by Armstrong and Kotler (2011), the selected strategy is suitable as it would make economic sense. With the new clothing designs, the economies of scope can be utilized. The customers shall fell that they are obtaining value for the money paid. 6.2.2 Acceptability There is no current competitive advantage in the clothing line that creates gap for MS. Thus, the strategy is acceptable as it would help in satisfying existing customers and penetrate new markets (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). 6.2.3 Feasibility The strategy is feasible as MS has abundant staffs, financial resources and information of the markets. The strategy shall help in converting threat into opportunities and satisfy the stakeholders (Armstrong and Kotler, 2011). Conclusion and Recommendations Marks and Spencer sells high quality products. They share excellent relations with the employees and customers. The organization has stores established both in UK and internationally. It is a highly profitable company in the retail sector. It shares a long heritage that makes it valuable, trustworthy and efficient. However, the company has certain weaknesses as it does not focus much on the younger generation. The clothing industry is not efficient and lacks variety of designs. They are slow to adapt with the changing lifestyle and trends. The company has several opportunities for recovering after the global recession. There is growing demand for clothing and can focus on online shopping. The company can expand in areas such as food, home and beauty. MS also faces threats as the companies such as Zara, Tesco and Sainsbury offer high quality products at competitive prices. The government interventions and regulations can obstruct the efficiency and operations. References Allen, K. and Butler, S., 2016.The way we shop now: the revolution in British spending habits. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/06/the-way-we-shop-now-the-revolution-in-british-spending-habits [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Annualreport.marksandspencer.com, 2016.MS Annual Report 2016. [online] Annualreport.marksandspencer.com. Available at: https://annualreport.marksandspencer.com/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Armstrong, A., 2016.MS boss Steve Rowe warns profits will be dented by turnaround plan. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/05/25/marks--spencer-warns-profits-will-be-dented-by-turnaround-plan/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Armstrong, G. and Kotler, P., 2011.Marketing. Boston: Prentice Hall. Berkshire, 2011.Marks Spencer fined 1m over asbestos risk - BBC News. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-15081278 [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Cahill, H., 2016.MS boss says Brexit fears are hitting consumer confidence. [online] Cityam.com. Available at: https://www.cityam.com/241966/brexit-worries-are-dampening-consumer-confidence-says-marks-and-spencer-boss [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Careers.marksandspencer.com, 2016.Human Resources Graduate Programme | MS Careers. [online] Careers.marksandspencer.com. Available at: https://careers.marksandspencer.com/graduate-careers/human-resources-graduate-programme [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2016.Key Facts. [online] Corporate.marksandspencer.com. Available at: https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/key-facts [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2016.MS Today. [online] Corporate.marksandspencer.com. Available at: https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/mands-today [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2016.Our Heritage. [online] Corporate.marksandspencer.com. Available at: https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/our-heritage [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2016.Plan A: Doing the Right Thing. Our Plan A Commitments 2010 - 2015. [online] UK. Available at: https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/plan-a/85488c3c608e4f468d4a403f4ebbd628 [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Croft, J., 2013.FT.com. [online] Next.ft.com. Available at: https://next.ft.com/content/259c7e9e-c207-11e2-ab66-00144feab7de [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Drucker, P., 2012.Managing in a time of great change. New York: Routledge. Gonsalves, R., 2015.New team of designers aims to put the spark back into MS. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/marks-and-spencer-can-a-new-team-of-designers-put-the-spark-back-into-the-high-street-brand-10351251.html [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Hse.gov.uk, 2016.HSE - Health and safety in the retail industry. [online] Hse.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/retail/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Iia.org.uk, 2016.Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors. [online] Iia.org.uk. Available at: https://www.iia.org.uk/policy/publications/the-role-of-internal-audit-in-non-financial-and-integrated-reporting/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Lovelace, B., 2016. How Brexit could pose a risk to retail companies. [online] CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/28/how-brexit-could-pose-a-risk-to-retail-companies.html [Accessed 17 Jul. 2016]. MS Bank, 2016.MS Bank - Credit Cards, Current Accounts, Insurance, Savings and Loans. [online] MS Bank. Available at: https://bank.marksandspencer.com/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Marksandspencer.com, 2016.Per Una Clothing Accessories | MS. [online] Marksandspencer.com. Available at: https://www.marksandspencer.com/l/women/per-una [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Marksandspencer.com, 2016.SALE | Marks Spencer. [online] Marksandspencer.com. Available at: https://www.marksandspencer.com/c/offers/sale [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Piercy, N. and Lane, N., 2012.Strategic customer management. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Ruddick, G., 2012.Marks Spencer installs wi-fi in e-commerce push. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9504384/Marks-and-Spencer-installs-wi-fi-in-e-commerce-push.html [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Ruddick, G., 2014.Don't blame a change in shopping habits, Britain's supermarkets just got it so wrong. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11244170/Dont-blame-a-change-in-shopping-habits-Britains-supermarkets-just-got-it-so-wrong.html [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Saner, E., 2013.Why did Marks and Spencer lose its edge, and how can it get it back?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/apr/19/why-marks-spencer-lose-edge [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Sky News, 2016.New MS Boss Sets Out Price Cutting Plan. [online] Sky News. Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/new-ms-boss-sets-out-price-cutting-plan-10293644 [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Smithers, R., 2012.MS becomes 'carbon neutral'. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jun/07/marks-spencer-carbon-neutral-sustainability [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Steafel, E., 2015.MS loses legal scrap with BNP Paribas over 1.1m rent bill. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/12028967/MandS-loses-legal-scrap-with-BNP-Paribas-over-1.1m-rent-bill.html [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Swinford, S., 2016.Wages for British workers will rise in the event of a Brexit, head of 'in' campaign, Lord Rose says. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/12181385/Wages-for-British-workers-will-rise-in-the-event-of-a-Brexit-head-of-in-campaign-says.html [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Tesseras, L., 2015.MS focuses on bite-size moments for mobile-first Christmas campaign. [online] Marketing Week. Available at: https://www.marketingweek.com/2015/11/06/ms-focuses-on-bite-size-moments-for-mobile-first-christmas-campaign/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. Toms, S. and Zhang, Q., 2016. Marks Spencer and the Decline of the British Textile Industry, 19502000.Business History Review,90(01), pp.3-30. Vizard, S., 2016.Brexit concerns fail to curb consumer spending. [online] Marketing Week. Available at: https://www.marketingweek.com/2016/05/27/brexit-concerns-fail-to-curb-consumer-spending/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016]. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015Strategic marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wood, Z., 2012.Marks Spencer blames weak economy for lower sales targets. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/may/22/marks-and-spencer-weak-economy-sales-targets [Accessed 16 Jul. 2016].

Prison Break free essay sample

Born in the United Kingdom, raised in Brooklyn, New York, and a graduate of Princeton University, Wentworth Miller is a compelling and critically acclaimed young actor whose credits include both television and feature film. (Smith, 2013) Miller began his career in the industry on the other side of the camera. After graduating from college with a degree in English literature, Miller header to LA in the spring of 1995 to work for a small production company specializing in movies made for television. However, it wasn’t long before Miller’s childhood dream to become an actor was undeniable. Within the next few years, Miller landed guest spots on a variety of shows, including â€Å"Buffy the Vampire Slayer,† â€Å"ER,† and â€Å"Popular. † Miller also starred in the Hallmark mega-series â€Å"Dinotopia. † Miller then landed a role in â€Å"The Human Stain,† starring Sir Anthony Hopkins and Nicole Kidman. A movie examining questions of race, class, and identity, it featured Hopkins as an embattled college professor struggling to conceal an incredible secret, with Miller playing the professor as a young man. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Break or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Miller subsequently appeared in the movie â€Å"Underworld† and guest-starred on â€Å"Joan of Arcadia† and â€Å"Ghost Whisperer† before joining the cast of Prison Break, for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series- Drama in 2006. As Michael Scofield on Prison Break, Miller has taken this character beyond what directors could have imagined. Michael’s educational background leaves questions as to why such a man would commit the crime he did. Beginning with an immaculate record at Morton East High School, he would later graduate Magna Cum Laude with a B. S. and M. S. in civil engineering from Loyola University of Chicago. At the time of his arrest, Scofield was employed as a structural engineer at the prestigious firm of Middleton, Maxwell and Schaum located in Chicago, Illinois. Scofield was convicted of armed robbery after attempting to steal over half a million dollars from the downtown Chicago branch of United Savings Bank. At his trial, Scofield pled no contest and requested to serve time in the Level One facility closest to his Chicago home. Prior to his escape, the inmate had logged visits with Veronica Donovan, his attorney, and was approved for monthly conjugal visits with Nika Volek, his wife. Now at large, Scofield is believed to have reunited with his long lost father, Aldo Burrows. Aldo, a former member of the company also on the run, is responsible for exposing the embezzlement to f EcoField’s funds by President Reynolds’ brother Terrence Steadman into his sister’s election campaign. This prompted The Company and Reynolds to subsequently frame-up Lincoln for Steadman’s murder to draw out Aldo Burrows. Scofield and Burrows were recently apprehended by Border Patrol in New Mexico, but slipped out of their handcuffs while in transport and escaped. Prison Break can be seen at 8 pm on Monday nights on Fox. [ 1 ]. Book Author Publish Page [ 3 ]. Article Publisher Author Page Year

buy custom Brain Drivers essay

buy custom Brain Drivers essay Brain drivers the human body. Human mental level reflects from his/her mood, behavior and body language. The contemporary psychological theories stress on human emotional development than intelligence. The reason is that intelligence is integral, whereas the emotional needs development. Therefore, an emotionally sound personality can only be treated as the intelligent and intellectual. Gestalt therapy: An emotionally sound personality can take long lasting decisions from which they can get best results. However, in some cases there is found chaos of emotional intelligence that reduced the intellect as well. For theses people who possess disordered personality, there was introduced Gestalt therapy that completely based on contact, discussion, and sort out the problems and their solutions by dialogue. This type of therapy has been formed first time by Frederick (Fritz and Laura Perls in 1940. Gestalt approach: The major approach of Gestalt therapy is to get the insight. And, the insight information should not be an ordinary know-how of ones personality. But, it should have a normal contact process to get the appropriate insight. It might be dancing, singing or words dialogue. Hereinafter, Gestalt approach is about to build a contact between therapist and patient to form dialogue for benefit. However, the ultimate aim of client for the discussion and or dialogue would be to get his/her insight personality information like what they are doing, how they are doing and how it must be or how one can change himself When is "therapeutic change" considered to occur in the Gestalt approach? In Gestalt approach, the therapeutic change would be consideered to occur, when client have been aware of his/her insight. The therapist client discussion or dialogue continues till the conclusions and till solutions. Moreover, therapeutic change comes after process that starts from contact, go on with discussion/dialogue and end up at conclusions/solutions. Therefore, change occurs when a brain get aware of itself, and thinks about to change to be better. Conclusion: At the end of treatise, it is better to restate the thesis that is, brain drivers the human body. After comprehensive erudition of Gestalts therapy approach, it is clear that washing a brain could help reinstating a life into normal routine. Hence, people have changed their brains by Gestalts therapy approach. And, methodology of dialogue has worked to drive the brains in the right way. Buy custom Brain Drivers essay

10 Fleshy Words

10 Fleshy Words 10 Fleshy Words 10 Fleshy Words By Maeve Maddox Latin words meaning flesh and fleshly (carnis, carnalis), have given English several words, some of which refer to human flesh and some to the flesh of animals. 1. carnage noun: a heap of dead bodies, especially of men killed in battle. The Anglo-Saxon poem â€Å"The Battle of Maldon† describes the carnage that ensues when the local militia confronts Viking raiders. The fates of several Anglo-Saxon warriors are depicted- notably that of Earl Byrhtnoth: he dies valiantly, urging his soldiers forward and commending his soul to God. Carnage is also used in a non-military context to describe the bloody aftermath of any killing event: Firefighters have described the carnage and confusion they found when they arrived on the scene of the Paddington rail crash in which 31 people died. 2. carnal adjective: pertaining to the body. In Medieval Latin, a frater carnalis was a biological brother. In modern usage, carnal refers to the sensual or sexual aspects of the body. The noun is carnality and the adverb is carnally. Detectives  charged  the 27-year-old with felony  carnal knowledge  of a juvenile. In religious thought, carnal is the opposite of spiritual. A carnal mind is not necessarily a sinful mind. However, all sin is carnal. A carnal mind is simply a mind that is governed entirely by the senses. 3. carnation adjective: a light rosy pink; noun: a flower, scientific name Dianthus, which may be shades of pink or red. The plural carnations is used as an art term: â€Å"those parts in a painting that represent the naked skin.† Vecelli observed that a colorist ought to manipulate white, black and red, and that the carnations cannot be done in a first painting, but by replicating various tints and mingling the colors. 4. carnelian noun: a flesh-colored, deep red, or reddish-white variety of chalcedony; adjective: of the color of a carnelian. My stepmother was, if rather richly, always plainly dressed, in the sober Quaker mode; almost  her  only ornament was a large  carnelian brooch, set in flowered flat gold. 5. carnival noun: originally, the medieval religious celebration preceding Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent. The word derives from a phrase meaning â€Å"the putting away of flesh.† In modern usage, a carnival is any season of feasting, revelry, or indulgence. In North American English, a carnival is a fun fair with rides and entertainment booths. 6. carnivore noun: (Latin carnivorus, â€Å"flesh-eating†) A carnivore is an animal that eats only meat. People whose diet includes meat are often jokingly referred to as carnivores, in contrast to vegans and vegetarians. My husband and children are carnivores, and yes, I do prepare their food for them. 7. carnivorous adjective: (Latin carni, â€Å"flesh† + vorus, â€Å"devouring†) The accent is on the second syllable. Since neither humans nor chimpanzees are truly carnivorous- most traditional human societies eat a diet made up mostly of plant foods- we are considered omnivores. Note: An omnivore feeds on a diet of both plant and animal origin. 8. charnel house noun: (Old French charnel) a house for dead bodies; a house or vault in which the bones of the dead are piled up. Recently in the Orkney Isles in Scotland, a charnel house has revealed more than 1,000 human bones. 9. incarnation noun: the action of incarnating; the fact of being incarnated or â€Å"made flesh† The  Incarnation  in traditional Christianity is the belief that the second person of the Trinity, also known as God the Son or the Logos (Word), â€Å"became flesh† by being conceived in the womb of Mary. 10. incarnate adjective: clothed or invested with flesh; embodied in flesh; in a human (or animal) bodily form. Until the latter half of the T’ang dynasty, some emperors had even claimed to be the  Buddha incarnate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Work of Art Titles30 Nautical Expressions

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Human resources - Essay Example It is therefore imperative for HR management to be well versed with different versions of cultural values of the host nations so as to achieve desirable goals. Their policies are ought to be implemented in light of applicability to specific cultures and laws. There would also be need to attract, retain and motivate local people to improve the operations of an organisation in a new environment. It is significant to note that in industrialized nations such as the US, personal economic achievement is presumed to be the prevailing notion that drives people according to Carrel (1995). Employees are bound to be motivated by the gains they get from their work in form of salaries hence it would be recommended that a company entering such a market should also take into consideration the needs and aspirations of the peoples who live there. On the other hand, in the former Soviet Union, Asia and other European Nations the collective mental programming from decades of communism has taken a heavy toll on them, Chris Brewster (1996). Such mentality as, â€Å"why work hard when wages do not increase?† is very common. It can be plainly seen that the differences between socialist economies and free market economies are glaring and are of considerable significance for HR professionals. 4. The Human Resources Management (HRM) has a vital role to play in motivating employees in order to improve their performance as well as productivity within any given organisation. In view of this assertion, it can be noted that Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is perhaps the most appealing theories for Human Resources (HR), professionals. Thus according to Maslow, cited in Michael R. Carell et al (1995:206), â€Å"when a need occurs, motivational tension develops and is directed towards satisfaction of the need.† Thus the hierarchy comprises of five levels of needs which need to be satisfied as a way of motivating